Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science

ZOOLOGICAL NAMES

A List of
Phyla, Classes, and Orders

Prepared for
Section F

American Association for the Advancement
of Science

353

• P42
1949

Durham, North Carolina
1949

ZOOLOGICAL NAMES

A List of
Phyla, Classes, and Orders

^

Prepared for

Section F

American Association for the Advancement
of Science

Durham, North Carolina
1949

PREFACE

American zoological writers who have published books or scientific papers during the
past decade show little uniformity in their reference to larger groups of animals. Of
course no zoologist wishes to be limited in the choice of names which seem to be most
appropriate; no one wishes to have imposed on him terms which he is ordered to use; and
none desires to have nomeclature become fixed and inflexible. Of all the rewards that
Science gives to her retainers those most prized and enjoyed are independence and the
right to change old dogmas as soon as the discovery of new truths makes them illogical.
Yet because the species of animals now number several hundreds of thousands, the
sorting of species into groups must necessarily be continually more accurate and critical.
Furthermore, there are men who through ignorance, inertia, or bigotry take little or no
cognizance of the progress of current scientific evidence and opinion. For example, cer-
tain writers of recent textbooks use such old terms as Annulata and Anura when the
most thoughtful and competent students of annelids and amphibians agree that Annelida
and Salientia are to be preferred. Dr. R. E. Snodgrass, who has recently studied the
anatomy of onychophorans in detail, is convinced that these animals cannot be called
arthropods because their muscular systems have quite different relations to nervous
structures from those which obtain in arthropods. Dr. J. P. Moore does not believe that
onychophorans may be included among amielids. There seems to be no alternative but
to set off Onychophora as a group by itself.

Those who know animals and their classifications in detail perhaps may enjoy using
various names for the same group and delight in thus displaying their technical knowledge,
but a novice who refers to two or three textbooks and finds the same group called by
two or three names is greatly confused. In an attempt to bring about greater uniformity
and more careful selection in the use of zoological group names the writer was authorized
to form an intormal committee and to prepare a list of phyla, classes, and orders of
animals which would represent current good usage. This action was taken by Section F
of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at the Boston Meeting ;
December, 1933.

Since then many persons who appeared to be interested have been consulted. The
following gave advice in connection with the groups mentioned :

Invertebrata : A. H. Clark, B. G. Chitwood, Roy Miner, L. E. Noland, H. S. Pratt,
Waldo Schmitt, H. J. Van Cleave.

Protozoa : L. E. Noland, and forty-odd protozoologists to whom he sent a question-
naire.

Porifera : //. V. Wilson,

Coelenterata : Elizabeth Dekhmann (except Zoantharia).

Aschelminthes : B. G. Chitwood, M. C. Hall.

Platyhehranthes : E. W. Price; Cestoda : G. R. La Rue; Nemertea : W. R. Coe.

Nemathelminthes : B. G. Chitwood, G. Steiner, Acanthoccphala : //. /. Van Cleave.

Bryozoa : R. S. Sassier, R. C. Osburn.

Echinodermata : A. H. Clark, H. L. Clark, E. Kirk.

Brachiopoda : G. A. Cooper.

Enteropneusta : W. E. Ritter.

Annelida : J. P. Moore, A. L. Tread well.

Arthropoda : H. E. Ewing, R. E. Snodgrass.

Crustacea: E. A. Birge, Norma C. Furtos, H. A. Pilsbry, Mary J. Rathbun. Waldo
Schmitt, J. P. Visscher, C. B. Wilson.

[2]

Pycnogonidia : L. J. Cole; Arachiiida : //. £. Eiving.

Insecta : C. L. Kennedy, Z. P. Mctcalj. J. G. Needham, H. G. Barber, H. E. Ewing.

Mollusca : P. Bartsch, H. Rehder.

Chordata : C. W. Gilmorc, \V. K. Gregory.

Tunicata : IV. E. Ritter, W. G. Van Name.

Pisces : W. K. Gregory, C. L. Hubbs, G. S. Myers.

Amphibia : Helen T. Gaige, G. K. Noble.

Reptilia : Helen T. Gaige, G. K. Noble.

Aves : A. Wetmore.

Mammalia : L. R. Dice, C. W. Gilmore, Remington Kellogg.

Those whose names appear in italics furnished essentially the terms that appear in the
following pages. While the writer gladly acknowledges the obligation to those persons
and appreciates greatly the work they did, they are not to be held responsible for the
published list. The differences of opinion among zoologists in the United States were
found to be so great that there was little hope of agreement and the editor finally did
what seemed to him best.

Perhaps forty per cent of those consulted strongly urged the use of uniform endings
for the larger groups of animals. The difficulty encountered in this connection was that
protozoologists, helminthologists. conchologists, ornitholgists, etc. had already moved
more or less in the direction of uniformity and each group of specialists had a tendency
to adopt a different system. After long consideration the editor has used the system in
vogue among protozoologists and students of some other groups, as it seemed to be at
present more generally in use than any other. The endings are as follows : Phylum and
Subphylum, — a; Class, — ea; Subclass, — ia ; Order, — ida ; Suborder, — ina. In presenting
this report to Section F it is not supposed that uniform endings shall be adopted as official,
or even recommended. The zoological world had perhaps best be left to make its own
choice. In the list the names in the first column represent what the editor after con-
sultation believes to be best current usage; those in the second column are what a few
zoologists would like to see used, but perhaps in presenting these the editor is "a hundred
years ahead of his time." In any attempt to attain uniformity difficulties arise. For
example, Dr. Steiner points out that two names suggested as suborders under Nematoda
are objectionable because identical names already have good standing as genera in the
same group (Rhabditina Cobb 1922, Chromadorina Filipjev 1926).

Another matter about which there is wide disagreement is whether there should be
few or many groups — the old controversy between "lumpers" and "splitters." Shall there
be ten or thirty phyla, or orders of insects ? The position has been taken that it is more
truthful, and therefore more scientific, to present many groups ; otherwise it is necessary
to compromise to the extent of grouping things together which have remote or insig-
nificant relationships. To the objection that students cannot be expected to master such
a long list of technical jargon there is only one answer. It is better to tell students part
of the truth frankly than to falsely affirm that they are learning a complete and simple
story. Biology is not always simple and clear. It therefore seems proper to say to a
student in an elementary course, "of the thirty-odd phyla of animals, or orders of insects,
only ten or a dozen which are of particular biological significance to you will be studied,"
rather than, "for convenience and simplicity all animals, or all insects, are presented
under ten phyla, or orders, which may be easily remembered." Science is truth.
Classification must be expected to grow more complex as knowledge increases and
becomes more critical.

In most groups the authors' names and the dates following correctly indicate when a
particular scientific name was given to a group, but these should be used with caution
for in cases where no specialist could be found to furnish accurate information (birds,
fishes, etc.), the editor browsed through systematic works and found such information,

[3]

some of which later proved to be incorrect. For example, some references credited to

Lamarck by various writers are for vernacular names which should have no scientific

standing as scientific names. The following groups have been carefully corrected by

specialists and are believed to be reliable for authors and dates : Protozoa, Porifera,

Coelenterata (except Zoantharia), Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Acanthocephala, Nematoda,

Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Annelida, Arachnida, Crustacea, Insecta, Tuni-

cata, Amphibia, Reptilia, and Mammalia ; other groups may not be.

A. S. Pearse, Editor.
Duke University, June 1, 1936.

SECOND EDITION

As there is continual demand for this list, which has been out of print for several
years, it seems desirable to publish a second edition. A few changes have been made
and the following persons made suggestions for the revision. A. H. Clark suggested
the term Hemizoa and other general changes. Grateful acknowledgment is made to
G. W. Wharton who corrected the proofs for the list. An excellent discussion of various
modern systems of classification will be found in Libbie H. Hyman's "The Invertebrates :
Protozoa through Ctenophora," 1940:22-43.

Invertebrata : A. H. Clark, C. G. Bookhout; Protozoa: R. R. Kudo; Porifera: M. W.

de Laubenfels ; Nemertea : W. R. Coe ; Acanthocephala : H. J. Van Cleave ;

Bryozoa: R. C. Osburn; Annelida: Grace E. Pickford; Arthropoda : R. E. Snod-

grass ; Pycnogonida : Joel W. Hedgpeth ; Arachnida: Elizabeth B. Bryant;

Acarina: G. W. Wharton; Myriapoda: Nelle B. Causey; Crustacea: Fenner A.

Chace; Insecta: C. F. W. Muesebeck and colleagues; Tunicata: W. G. Van Name;

Vertebrata : E. C. Horn, I. E. Gray.

T^.TT. . r- , .,^.^ A. S. Pearse, Editor.

Duke University, September 1, 1946.

THIRD EDITION

The second edition of this list was so full of errors that it was never sent to the
general biological public. In the revision for this third edition the list of groups that
has "uniform" endings has been omitted. The following persons have furnished informa-
tion for the groups indicated : Invertebrata, Libbie H. Hyman and M. W. de Laubenfels ;
Protozoa, R. R. Kudo; Porifera, M. W. de Laubenfels; Platyhelminthes, Libbie H.
Hyman and H. W. Manter ; Cestoda, Robt. P. Dollfus; Nemertea, Libbie H. Hyman
and Arthur G. Humes ; Brachiopoda, Preston E. Cloud, Jr. ; Annelida, Olga Hartman and
Grace E. Pickford ; Crustacea, Fenner A. Chace, Jr. ; Arachnida, Alexander Petrun-
kevitch ; Acari, G. W. Wharton ; Pycnogonida, Joel W. Hedgpeth ; Myriapoda, Nelle B.
Causey; Insecta, F. M. Carpenter and Charles L. Remington; Mollusca, H. A. Rehder;
Tunicata, W. G. Van Name and A. G. Huntsman; Fishes, Carl H. Hubbs; Amphibia
and Reptilia, Grace L. Orton; Aves, Ernst Mayr and Alexander Wetmore. For trema-
todes Dawes (1946) "the Trematoda" has been followed, for fishes, amphibians, and rep-
tiles the classification in Romer's (1945) "Vertebrate Paleontology" has been used, and
for mammals that in Simpson's (1945) "The Principles of Classification and a Classifica-
tions of Mammals" has been followed.

ASP
July 1, 1948. ■ ■ '

FOURTH EDITION

In preparation of this edition helpful suggestions have been received from Austin H.

Clark, Herbert Friedmann, J. B. S. Haldane, Harald A. Rehder, Curtis W. Sabrosky,

and Alexander Wetmore.

ASP
October 30, 1949.

[4]

A List of Phyla, Classes, and Orders

Extinct groups are indicated by an asterisk (*)

Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus 1758
Subkingdom Protozoa Goldfus 1817
Phylum Protozoa Goldfus 1817
Subphylum Plasmodroma Doflein 1901
Class Mastigophora Diesing 1865
Subclass Phytomastigina Doflein 1916
Order Chysomonadina Stein 1878

Suborder Euchrysomonadina Pascher 1913
Suborder Rhizochrysidina Pascher 1913
Suborder Chrysocapsina Pascher 1913
Order Cryptomonadina Stein 1878

Suborder Eucryptomonadina Pascher 1913
Suborder Phoecapsina Pascher 1913
Order Phytomonadina Blochmann 1895
Order Euglenoidina Butschli 1884
Order Chloromonadina Klebs 1892
Order Dinoflagellata Butschli 1885
Suborder Porocentrinea Poche 1913
Suborder Peridiniinea Poche 1913
Suborder Cystoflagellata Haeckel 1873
Subclass Zoomastigina Doflein 1916
Order Rhizomastigina Biitschli 1883
Order Protomonadina Blochmann 1895
Order Polymastigina Blochmann 1895
Suborder Monomonadina Kudo 1939
Suborder Diplomonadina Kudo 1939
Suborder Polymonadina Kudo 1939
Order Hypermastigina Grassi 1911
Class Sarcodina Hertwig & Lesser 1874
Subclass Rhizopoda von Siebold 1845
Order Proteomyxa Lankester 1885
Order Mycetozoa de Bary 1859
Suborder Eumycetozoa Zopf 1884
Suborder Sorophora Zopf 1887
Order Amoebina Ehrenberg 1830
Order Testacea Schultze 1854
Order Foraminifera D'Orbigny 1826
Subclass Actinopoda Calkins 1909
Order Heliozoa Haeckel 1866
Order Radiolaria J. Miiller 1858
Class Sporozoa Leuckart 1879
Subclass Telosporidia Schaudinn 1900
Order Gregarinida Lankester 1866
Suborder Eugregarinaria Doflein 1901
Suborder Schizogregarinaria Leger 1900
Order Coccidia Leuckart 1879
Suborder Eimeridea Leger 1911

[S]

Suborder Adeleidea Leger 1911
Order Haemosporidia Danilewsky 1886
Subclass Acnidosporidia Cepede 1911
Order Sarcosporidia Balbiani 1882
Order Haplosporidia Caullery & Mesnil 1899
Subclass Cnidosporidia Doflein 1901
Order Myxosporidia Biitschli 1881
Suborder Eurysporea Kudo 1920
Suborder Sphaerosporea Kudo 1920
Suborder Platysporea Kudo 1920
Order Actinoniyxidia Stolg 1899
Order Microsporidia Balbiani 1883

Suborder Monocnidea Leger & Hesse 1922
Suborder Dicnidea Leger & Hesse 1922
Order Helicosporidia Kudo 1931
Subphylum Ciliophora Doflein 1901
Class Ciliata Perty 1852
Subclass Protociliata Metcalf 1918
Subclass Euciliata Metcalf 1918
Order Holotricha Stein 1859

Suborder Astomata Schwiakoff 1896
Suborder Gymnostomata Biitschli 1889
Suborder Trichostoniata Biitschli 1889
Suborder Hymenostomata Hickson 1903
Suborder Thigmotricha Chatton & Lwoff 1926
Suborder Apostomea Qiatton & Lwoff 1935
Order Spirotricha Biitschli 1889
Suborder Heterotricha Stein 1859
Suborder Oligotricha Biitschli 1887
Suborder Ctenostomata Kahl 1932
Suborder Hypotricha Stein 1859
Order Chonotricha Wallengren 1895
Order Peritricha Stein 1859
Suborder Sessilia Kahl 1935
Suborder Mobilia Kahl 1935
Class Suctoria Claparede & Lachmann 1858
Subkingdom Mesozoa van Beneden 1877
Subkingdom Parazoa Sollas 1884
Phylum Porifera Grant 1835
Class Calcispongiae Schmidt 1862
Order Asconosa de Laubenfels 1936
Order Syconosa de Laubenfels 1936
Class Hyalospongiae Vosmaer 1885
Order Hexasterophora Schuize 1899
Order Amphidiscophora Schuize 1899
Class Desmospongiae Sollas 1875
Order Carnosa Carter 1875
Order Choristida Sollas 1888
Order Epipolasida Sollas 1888
Order Hadromerina Topsent 1898
Order Poecilosclerina Topsent 1898
Order Haplosclerina Topsent 1898

[6]

Order Keratosa Grant 1861
Phylum *Archaeocyatha Borneniann 1884
Subkingdom Metazoa Haeckel 1877
Branch Enterozoa Lankcster 1878
Superseries Radiata Schimkewitsch 1891
Phylum Coelenterata Leuckart 1848
Class Hydrozoa Huxley 1857
Order Hydroida Huxley 1857
Order Trachylina Haeckel 1877
Order Milleporina Hickson 1899
Order Stylasterina Hickson 1899
Order Siphonophora Esclischoltz 1829
Suborder Calycophorae Leuckart 1854
Suborder Rhizophysaliae Chun 1882
Suborder Chondrophorae Chamisso & Eysenhard 1821
Order *Graptolitoidea Lapworth 1873

Suborder *Monoprionidea Hopkinson 1875
Suborder *Diprionidea Hopkinson 1875
Suborder *Retiolithidea Lapworth 1873
Class Scyphozoa Grobben 1910

Order Lucernariidea Johnston 1847
Order Charybdeidea Gegenbaur 1856
Order Corona Vanhoffen 1892
Order Semaeostonieae L. Agassiz 1862
Order Rhizostomeae Cuvier 1799
Class *Stromatoporoidea Nicholson & Murie 1878
Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg 1834
Subclass Alcyonaria Mihie-Edwards & Haime 1857
Order Stolonifera Hickson 1883
Order Telestacea Hickson 1930
Order Alcyonacea Verrill 1866
Order Gorgonacea Verrill 1866

Suborder Scleraxonia Wright & Struder 1889
Suborder Holaxonia Wright & Struder 1889
Order Coenothecalia Bourne 1900
Order Pennatulacea Verrill 1866
Subclass Zoantharia Blainville 1830
Order Cerianthidea M.-Edw. & Haime 1857
Order Antipitharia Dana 1846
Order Zoanthidea Dana 1846
Order Edwardsiidea R. Hertwig 1888
Order Proactiniae McMurrich 1892
Order Actinaria McMurrich 1829

Suborder Ptychodaetiaria Stephenson 1921
Suborder Coralliomorpharia Carlgren 1936
Suborder Actiniaria Carlgren 1925
Order Madreporaria Linnaeus 1748

Suborder Aporosa M.-Edw. & Haime 1857
Suborder Fungacea M.-Edw. & Haime 1857
Suborder Perforata M.-Edw. & Haime 1857
Phylum Ctenophorae Eschscholtz 1829
Qass Tentaculata Wagner 1834

[7]

Order Cydippidea Lesson 1843

Order Lobata Eschscholtz 1829

Order Cestoidea Lesson 1843

Order Platyctenea Bourne 1900
Class Nuda Bourne 190O

Order Beroidea Eschscholtz 1829
Subbranch Triploblastica Lankester 1900
Superseries Bilateria Schimkewitsch 1891
Series Enterocoela Lankester 1876
Subseries Acoelomata Schimkewitsch 1891
Phylum Platyhelminthes Gegenbaur 1859
Class Turbellaria Ehrenberg 1831

Order Acoela Uljanin 1870

Order Rhabdocoela Ehrenberg 1831

Suborder Temnocephalida Haswell 1888

Order Alloiocoela Graff 1882 (Alloeocoela Spengel 1884)

Order Tricladida (Lang 1881)

Order Polycladida (Lang 1881) Graff 1885
Class Trematoda Rudolphi 1808
Subclass Monogenea Carus 1863

Order Monopisthocotylea Odhner 1912

Order Polyopisthocotylea Odhner 1912
Subclass Aspidogastrea (Burmeister 1856) Monticelli 1892
Subclass Digenea Carus 1863

Order Gasterostoma Odhner 1905

Order Prosostomata Odhner 1905
Class Cestoidea Rudolphi 1808
Subclass Cestodaria Monticelli 1892

Order Amphilinidea Poche 1922

Order Gyrocotylidea Benham 1901
Subclass Cestoda van Beneden 1848

Order Pseudophyllidea Carus 1863

Order Cyclophyllidea Braun 1900

Order Tetraphyllidea Braun 1900

Order Trypanorhyncha Diesing 1863

Order Heterophyllidea Southwell 1925
Phylum Nemertea Delle Chiaje 1841
Class Anopla Schultze 1852

Order Paleonemertea Hubrecht 1879

Order Heteronemertea Burger 1892
Qass Enopla Schultze 1852

Order Hoplonemertea Hubrecht 1879
Suborder Monostilifera Brinkmann 1917
Suborder Polystilifera Brinkmann 1917

Order Bellonemertea Coe 1905
Phylum Acanthocephala Rudolphi 1808
Class Eoacanthocephala Van Cleave 1936

Order Gyracanthocephala Van Cleave 1936

Order Neoacanthocephala Van Cleave 1936
Class Metacanthocephala Van Cleave 1948

Order Palaeacanthocephala Meyer 1931

Order Archiacanthocephala Meyer 1931

[8]

Subseries Pseudocoelomata Schimkewtsch 1891
Superphylum Aschelminthes Grobben 1909
Phylum Rotatoria Ehrenberg 1838
Class Seisonidea Wesenberg-Lund 1899
Class Bdelloidea Hudson & Gosse 1889
Class Monogononta Ehrenberg 1832
Order Ploima Hudson & Gosse 1889
Order Flosculariacea Harring 1913
Order Collothecacea Harring 1913
Phylum Gastrotricha Metchnikof 1864
Order Macrodasyoidea Remane 1926
Order Chaetonotoidea Remane 1926
Phylum Echinodera Zehnka 1928 (Kinorhyncha Reinhard 1887)
Phylum Nematomorpha Vejovsky 1866
Class Gordididea Orthepp 1924
Class Nectonematoidea Rauther 1930
Phylum Nematoidea Rudolphi 1808

Class Phasmidia Qiitwood & Chitwood 1933
Order Rhabditida Chitwood 1933
Suborder Rhabditata Chitwood 1933
Suborder Ascaridata Skrjabin 1915
Suborder Strongylata Railliet & Henry 1913
Order Spirurida Chitwood 1933

Suborder Spirurata Railhet & Henry 1913
Suborder Camallanta Chitwood 1936
Class Aphasmidia Chitwood & Chitwood 1933
Order Enoplata Chitwood 1933
Suborder Enoplata Filipjev 1929
Suborder Dorylaimata Chitwood 1933
Suborder Dioctophymata Skrjabin 1923
Order Chromadorida Chitwood 1933
Suborder Monohysterata FiHpjev 1929
Suborder Desmoscolecata Filipjev 1929
Suborder Chromadorata Filipjev 1929
Phylum Tardigrada Spallanzani 1726
Class Heterotardigrada Marcus 1927
Order Arthrotardigrada Marcus 1927
Order Echiniscoidea Richters 1926
Class Eutardigrada Richters 1926
Subseries Eucoelomata Schimkewitsch 1891
Phylum Chaetognatha Leuckart 1854
Phylum Entoprocta Nitsche 1870
Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg 1831
Class Gymnolaemata Allman 1856
Order Cyclostomata Busk 1852
Suborder Tubipora Hagenow 1851
Suborder Cerioporina Hagenow 1851
Suborder Ceramoporoidea Bassler 1913
Suborder Hedrelloidea Bassler 1934
Order Trepostomata Ulrich 1883
Order Cryptostomata Vine 1883
Order Ctenostoma Busk 1852

[9]

Order Cyclostomata Busk 1852
Suborder Anasca Levinsen 1909
Suborder Ascophora Levinsen 1909
Class Phylactolaemata Allman 1856
Phylum Brachiopoda Cuvier 1802
Class Inarticulata Huxley 1869 (Gastrocaulia Thompson 1927)
Order Atremata Beecher 1891
Order Neotremata Beecher 1891
Class Articulata Huxley 1869

Order *Paleotremata Thompson 1927
Order Protremata Beecher 1891
Order Telotremata Beecher 1891
Phylum Phoronidea E. Shultz 1903 (Pygocaulia Thompson 1927)
Phylum Pogonophora Johansson 1937
Phylum Pterobranchia Lankester 1877
Phylum Enteropneusta Gegenbaur 1870

Class Balanoglossida Delle Chiaje 1820
Phylum Linguatula Frolich 1789
Phylum Echinodermata Laske 1778
Subphylum Pelmatozoa Leuckart 1848
Class *Cystoidea von Buch 1844
Order *Amphoridea Haeckel 1896
Order *Rhombifera Zittel 1879
Order *Diploporita Zittel 1879
Order *Aporita Zittel 1879
Order *Edrioasteroida Billings 1858
Class *Blastoidea Say 1925

Order *Protoblastoida Bather 1899
Order *Eublastoida Bather 1899
Class Crinoidea Miller 1921

Order *Camerata Wachsmuth & Springer 1885
Order *Adunata Bather 1899
Order Flexibilia Zittel 1879

Suborder *Sagenocrinida Springer 1926
Suborder *Taxocrinida Springer 1926
Order *Inadunata Wachsmuth & Springer 1885

Suborder *Larviformia Wachsmuth & Springer 1885
Suborder *Fistulata Wachsmuth & Springer 1885
Order Articulata Aliller 1821

Suborder Bourgueticrinida H. L. Clark 1939
Suborder Pentacrinida Claus 1868
Suborder Holopida Haeckel 1896
Order Comatulida (Parks 1891) A. H. Clark 1908
Suborder Oligophreata A. H. Clark 1908
Suborder Macrophreata A. H. Clark 1908
Subphylum Asterozoa Leuckart 1848
Class Asteroidea Burmeister 1837
Order Phanerozonea Sladen 1889
Order Spinulosa Perrier 1894
Order Forcipulata Perrier 1894
Suborder Brisingina Fisher 1928
Suborder Asteriadina Fisher 1928

[10]

Class Ophiuroidea Norman 1865
Subclass *Aegophiuricia Matsumoto 1915
Order *Lysoi)hiiirida Matsumoto 1913
Subclass Myophiurida Matsumoto 1915
Order *Opbiocystiida H. L. Clark 1939
Order *Aganasterida H. L. Clark 1939
Order Phrynophiurida Matsumoto 1915
Order Laemophiurida Matsumoto 1915
Order Gnathophiurida Matsumoto 1915
Order Chilophiurida Matsumoto 1915
Subphylum Echinozoa Leuckart 1848
Class Echinoidea Bronn 1860
Order *Bothriocidaroida Duncan 1889
Order Cidaroida Duncan 1889
Order Centrechinoida Jackson 1912
Suborder Aulodonta Jackson 1912
Suborder Stirodonta Jackson 1912
Suborder Camerodonta Jackson 1912
Order Exocycloida Jackson 1912
Suborder Holectypina Gregory 1900
Suborder Echinoneina Hawkins 1925
Suborder Clypeastrina Gregory 1900
Suborder Nucleolitina Hawkins 1925
Suborder Cassidulina Hawkins 1925
Suborder Urechinina H. L. Clark 1925
Suborder Spatangina Jackson 1912
Order Perischoechinoida Jackson 1912
Order Echinocystoida Jackson 1912
Order Perichoechinoida Jackson 1912
Class Holothurioidea Semper 1868
Order Dendrochirota MacBride 1909
Order Elasipoda Theele 1882
Order Aspidochirota MacBride 1909
Order Molpadonia Ekman 1925
Order Apoda Lanipert 1885
Phylum Priapuloidea Sedgwick 1898
Phylum Annelida Lamarck 1809
Class Archiannelida Hatschek 1893
Class Polychaeta Grube 1850
Order Errantia Audouin & Milne-Edwards 1832
Order Sedentaria Lamarck 1818
Order Aplacophora von Ihreing (see page 17) 1878
Order *Miskoa Walcott 1911
Class Myzostoma Graff 1884
Class Oligochaeta Grube 1850
Order Plesiopora plesiotheca Michaelsen 1930
Order Plesiopora prosotheca Michaelsen 1930
Order Prosopora Michaelsen 1930
Order Opisthopora Michaelsen 1930
Class Hirudinea Lamarck 1818

Order Rhynchobdellida Blanchard 1887
Order Gnathobdellida Vaillant 1890

[11]

Order Pharyngobdellida Johansson 1913
Phylum Poeobioidea Fisher 1946
Phylum Echiuroidea Sedgwick 1898
Class Echiurida Savigny 1817
Order Echiuroinea Bock 1942
Order Xenopneusta Fisher 1946
Order Heteromyota Fisher 1946
Class Saccosomatida Fisher 1946
Phylum Sipunculoidea Sedgwick 1898
Phylum Onychophora Grube 1851
Phylum Arthropoda Siebold & Stannius 1845
Subphylum *Trilobita Schlotheim 1820
Class *Hypoparia Beecher 1897
Class *Opisthoparia Beecher 1897
Class *Proparia Beecher 1897
Subphylum Chelicerata Dahl 1913
Class Merostomata Woodward 1878
Order *Eurypterida Woodward 1878
Order *Synxiphosura Packard 1885
Order Xiphosura Latreille 1806
Class Pycnogonida Latreille 1804
Order Colossendeomorpha Cole 1905
Order Nymphonomorpha Pocock 1904
Order Ascorhynchomorpha Pocock 1904
Order Pycnogonomorpha Pocock 1904
Class Arachnida Lamarck 1815
Subclass Latigastra Petrunkevitch 1946
Order Scorpiones Latreille 1810
Order Pseudoscorpiones Latreille 1810
Order Opiliones Sundevall 1833
Order *Architarbi Petrunkevitch 1946
Order Acari Leach 1817

Suborder Notostigmata With 1903
Suborder Holothyroidea Reuter 1909
Suborder Parasitiformes Reuter 1909
Suborder Trombidiformes Reuter 1909
Suborder Sarcoptiformes Reuter 1909
Suborder Tetrapodili Bremi 1872
Subclass Stethostomata Petrunkevitch 1948
Order *Haptopoda Pocock 1911
Order *Anthracomarti Karsh 1882
Subclass Soluta Petrunkevitch 1948

Order Trigonotarbi Petrunkevitch 1948
Subclass Caulogastra Pocock 1910

Superorder Latisterna Petrunkevitch 1948

Order Palpigradi Thorell 1888

Superorder Camarostomata Petrunkevitch 1948

Order Schizomida Ptrunkevitch 1913

Order Telyphonida

Order Kustarachnae Petrunkevitch 1913

Superorder Labellata Petrunkevitch 1948

Order Phrynichida Petrunkevitch 1946

[12]

Order Araneae Lamarck 1818

Superorder CucuUifera Pocock 1910

Order Ricinulei Latreille 1802

Superorder Rostrata Petrunkevitch 1948

Order Solifugae Sundevall 1833
Subphylum Mandibulata McLeay 1821
Superclass Crustacea Pennant 1777
Class Eucrustacea Kingsley 1894
Subclass Branchiopoda Lamarck 1801

Order Anostraca Sars 1867

Order Notostraca Sars 1867

Order Conchostraca Sars 1867

Order Cladocera Latreille 1829
Suborder Calyptomera Sars 1865
Suborder Gymnomera Sars 1865
Subclass Ostracoda Latreille 1802

Order Myodocopa Sars 1866

Order Cladocopa Sars 1866

Order Podocopa Sars 1866

Order Platycopa Sars 1866
Subclass Copepoda Latreille 1831

Order Eucopepoda Claus 1875
Suborder Calanoida Dana 1852
Suborder Harpacticoida Sars 1901
Suborder Cyclopoida Burmeister 1834
Suborder Notodelphyoida Sars 1903
Suborder Monstrilloida Sars 1903
Suborder Caligoida Claus 1885
Suborder Lernaeopodoida Stebbing 1910

Order Branchiura Burmeister 1834
Suborder Arguloida Wilson 1932
Subclass Cirripedia Burmeister 1834

Order Thoracica Darwin 1854

Suborder Turrilepadomorpha Clarke 1896
Suborder Lepadomorpha Darwin 1852
Suborder Verrucomorpha Darwin 1854
Suborder Balanomorpha Darwin 1854

Order Ascothoracica Lacaze-Duthiers 1883

Order Apoda Darwin 1854

Order Rhizocephala F. Miiller 1862
Subclass Malacostraca Latreille 1802
Infraclass Leptostraca Claus 1880

Division Phyllocarida Packard 1879

Order Nebaliacea Clarke 1882

Order *Rhinocarina Clarke 1882

Order *Ceratiocarina Clarke 1882

Order *Hymenocarina Clarke 1882

Division *Nahecarida Broili 1928
Infraclass Eumalacostraca Grobben 1892

Division Syncarida Packard 1886

Order Anaspidacea Thomson 1892

Division Peracarida Caiman 1904

[13]

Order Mysidacea Boas 1883
Order Thermosbaenacea Monod 1927
Order Cuniacea Kr0yer 1846
Order Tanaidacea Hansen 1895
Order Isopoda Latreille 1817
Suborder Flabellifera Sars 1882
Suborder Valvifera Sars 1882
Suborder Asellota Latreille 1806
Suborder Phreatoicidea Stebbing 1903
Suborder Epicaridea Latreille 1831
Suborder Oniscoidea Sars 1882
Order Amphipoda Latreille 1816
Suborder Gammaridea Dana 1852
Suborder Hyperiidea Dana 1852
Suborder Caprellidea Dana 1852
Suborder Ingolfiellidea Hansen 1903
Division Eucarida Caiman 1904
Order Euphausiacea Boas 1883
Order Decapoda Latreille 1802
Suborder Natantia Boas 1879
Suborder Reptantia Boas 1879
Division Hoplocarida Caiman 1904
Order Stomatopoda Latreille 1817
Superclass Progoneata Pocock 1893
Class Pauropoda Lubbock 1866
Order Pauropoda Lubbock 1866
Suborder Ectomorpha Bagnall 1935
Suborder Endomorpha Bagnall 1935
Class Symphyla Ryder 1880

Order Symphyla Ryder 1880
Class Diplopoda Latreille 1802
Subclass Pselaphognatha Latzel 1884
Order Ancyrotricha Cook 1895
Order *Lophotricha Cook 1895
Subclass Chilognatha Leach 1814

Superorder Opisthandria Verhoefif 1894
Order Limacomorpha Pocock 1894
Order Oniscomorpha Pocock 1887
Suborder Sphaerotheria Brandt 1833
Suborder Glomeridia Brandt 1833
Superorder Proterandria Verhoeff 1894
Order Colobognatha Brandt 1834
Order Nematophora Verhoeff 1913
Suborder Chordeumoidea Latzel 1884
Suborder Stemmiuloidea Cook 1895
Suborder Striaroidea Cook 1896
Suborder Lysiopetaloidea Verhoeff 1900
Order Proterospermophora Verhoeff 1913
Suborder Polydesmoidea Attems 1914
Suborder Strongylosomoidea Attems 1914
Order Opisthospermophora Verhoeff 1913
Suborder Juloidea Meinert 1868

[14]

Suborder Spiroboloidea Sylvestri 1896
Suborder Spirostreptoidea Pocock 1894
Suborder Cambaloidea BoUnian 1893
Superclass Opisthogoneata Pocock 1893
Class Chilopoda Latreille 1802
Subclass Plcurostigma Pocock 1902
Superorder Epimorplia Haase 1880
Order Geophilomorpha Leach 1814
Order Scolopendroniorpha Newport 1844
Superorder Anamorpha Haase 1880
Order Lithobiomorpha Verhoeff 1907
Order Craterostigma Pocock 1902
Subclass Notostigma Pocock 1902

Order Scutigcromorpha Pocock 1895
Class Insecta Linnaeus 1758
Subclass Synaptera Packard 1883
Order Collembola Lubbock 1871
Order Protura Silvestri 1907
Order Entotrophi Grassi 1888
Order Thysanura Latreille 1796
Subclass Pterygota (Brauer 1885) Lang 1889
Order Odonata Fabricius 1793
Order Plectoptera Packard 1886
Order Orthoptera Latreille 1796
Order Isoptera Brulle 1832
Order Dermaptera Leach 1815
Order Plecoptera Burmeister 1835
Order Embioptera Hagen 1861 (Shipley 1904)
Order Corrodentia Burmeister 1839
Order Zoraptera Silvestri 1913
Order Mallophaga Nitsch 1818
Order Anoplura Leach 1815
Order Hemiptera Linnaeus 1758

Suborder Heteroptera Latreille 1825
Suborder Homoptera Latreille 1817
Order Thysanoptera Haliday 1836
Order Neuroptera Linnaeus 1758
Order Mecoptera Packard 1886
Order Diptera Linnaeus 1758

Suborder Orthorrhapha Brauer 1863
Suborder Cyclorrhapha Brauer 1863
Order Siphonaptera Latreille 1825
Order Trichoptera Kirby 1813
Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus 1758
Suborder Jugatae Comstock 1892
Suborder Frenatae Comstock 1892
Suborder Rhopalocera Dumeril 1806
Order Megaloptera Latreille 1802
Order Raphidiodea Burmeister 1835
Order Coleoptera Linnaeus 1758

Suborder Adephaga Leconte & Horn 1883
Suborder Polyphaga Emery 1885

[15]

Order Strepsiptera Kirby 1813
Order Hymenoptera Linnaeus 1758

Suborder Chalastogastra Konow 1897

Suborder CHstogastra Konow 1905
Order *Palaeodictyoptera Goldenberg 1877
Order *Megasecoptera Brongniart 1885
Order *Protephemerida Handlirsch 1906
Order *Protodonata Brongniart 1885
Order *Protoperlaria Tillyard 1928
Order *Protelytroptera Tillyard 1931
Order *Caloneurodea Martynov 1938
Order *Glosselytrodea Martynov 1938
Order *Protorthoptera Handlirsch 1906
Order *Protohemiptera Handlirsch 1906

The following extinct orders of insects have also been described, but, according to
F. M. Carpenter, probably do not "deserve recognition" :
Order *Protoblattoidea Handlirsch 1906
Order *Hadentomoidea Handlirsch 1906
Order *Sypharopteroidea Handlirsch 1906
Order *Mixotermitoidea Handlirsch 1906
Order *Reculoidea Handlirsch 1906
Order *Hapalopteroidea Handlirsch 1906
Order *Protomecoptera Tillyard 1917
Order *Paratrichoptera Tillyard 1919
Order *Paramecoptera Tillyard 1919
Order *Synarmogoidea Handlirsch 1919
Order *Diaphanopteroidea Handlirsch 1919
Order *Aeroplanoptera Tillyard 1923
Order *Protohymenoptera Tillyard 1923
Order *Protocoleoptera Tillyard 1923
Order *Miomoptera Martynov 1927
Order *Pruvostitoptera Zalessky 1929
Order *Meganisoptera Martynov 1931
Order *Permodonata Zalessky 1931
Order *Archodonata Martynov 1932
Order *Protodiptera Tillyard 1935
Order *Hemipsocoptera Zalessky 1937
Order *Cnemidolestoidea Handlirsch 1937
Order *Paraplecoptera Martynov 1938
Order *Archaehymenoptera Haupt 1941
Order *Palaeohymenoptera Haupt 1941
Order *Protocicadida Haupt 1941
Order *Protofulgorida Haupt 1941
Order *Hemiodonata Zalessky 1943
Order *Anisaxia Forbes 1943
Order *Perielytrodea Zalessky 1943
Order *Permodictyoptera Zalessky 1944
Order *Aphelophlebia Pierce 1945
Phylum MoUusca Linnaeus 1758

Class Crepipoda Goldfuss 1820 ( Polyplacophora Gray 1821)
Order Eoplacophora Pilsbry 1892

[16]

Order Aplacophora von Ihering 1877
Suborder Chaetodermatina Simroth 1893
Suborder Neomeniina Simroth 1893
Order Mesoplacophora Pilsbry 1892
Order Isoplacophora Cotton & Weeding 1939
Order Teleoplacophora Pilsbry 1892
Class Gastropoda Cuvier 1798
Subclass Prosobranchia Milne-Edwards 1848

Order Archaeogastropoda Thiele 1925 (Aspidobranchia Pelseneer 1890)
Order Mesogastropoda Thiele 1925

Order Neogastropoda Wenz 1938 (Stenoglossa Bouvier 1887)
Subclass Opisthobranchia Milne-Edwards 1846
Order Tectibranchia Cuvier 1812 (Pleurocoela Thiele 1931)
Order Pteropoda Cuvier 1804

Suborder Thecosomata Blainville 1824
Suborder Gymnosomata Blainville 1824
Order Sacoglossa von Ihering 1876
Order Acoela Thiele 1931

Suborder Notaspidea Fischer 1883
Suborder Nudibranchia Cuvier 1817
Subclass Pulmonata Cuvier 1817
Order Basommatophora A. Schmidt 1895
Order Stylommatophora A. Schmidt 1895
Class Scaphopoda Bronn 1862
Class Pelecypoda Goldfuss 1820
Subclass Prionodesmacea Dall 1889
Order Palaeoconcha Neumayr 1883
Order Taxodonta Neumayr 1883
Order Schizodonta Steinmann 1890
Order Dysodonta Neumayr 1883
Subclass Anomalodesmacea Dall 1889
Order Anomalobranchia Iredale 1939
Order Septibranchia Perrier 1897
Subclass Teleodesmacea Dall 1889
Order *Pantodonta Dall 1895
Order Diogenodonta Dall 1895
Order Cyclodonta Dall 1895
Order Teleodonta Dall 1895
Order Asthenodonta Dall 1895
Class Cephalopoda Cuvier 1798
Order Tetrabranchia Owen 1832
Suborder Nautiloidea Lamarck 1809
Suborder *Ammonitoidea Haan 1825
Order Dibranchia Owen 1832

Suborder Vampyromorpha Robson 1929
Suborder Decapoda Leach 1817
Suborder Octopoda Hasselquist 1850
Phylum Chordata Haeckel 1874
Subphylum Tunicata Lamarck 1816 (Urochordata)
Class Ascidiacea Blainville 1825
Order Stolidobranchiata Lahille 1887
Order Aspiraculata Seeliger 1909

[17]

Order Phlebobranchiata Lahille 1887
Order Aplousobranchiata Lahille 1887
Class Larvacea Herdman 1882
Class Thaliacea Van der Hoeven 1850
Subclass Myosomata Garstang 1895
Order Salpida Jones 1848
Order DoHolida Keferstein 1862
Subclass Pyrosomata Garstang 1895
Order Pyrosomatida Jones 1848
Division Acrania Hackel 1866 (Cephalochorda)
Subphylum Leptocardii J. Miiller 1845
Class Amphioxi J. Miiller 1844
Order Amphioxi J. Miiller 1844
Division Craniata Lankester 1877 (Vertebrata)
Subdivision Anamnia

Superclass Pisces Linnaeus 1758
Class Agnatha

Subclass Cephalaspidomorphi
Order *Osteostraci Lankester 1868
Order *Anaspida Traquair 1899
Order Cyclostomata

Suborder Myxinoidea (Hyperotriti Miiller 1844)
Suborder Petromyzontia (Hyperoustii Mulier 1844)
Subclass *Pteraspidomorphi
Order *Heterostraci Lankaster 1868
Order *Coelolepida
Class *Placodermi McCoy 1848
Order *Acanthodii Owen 1860
Order *Arthrodira Cope 1891
Suborder *Euarthrodira
Infraorder *Arctolepida
Infraorder *Brachythoraci
Suborder *Ptyctodontida Woodward 1891
Suborder *Phyllolepida
Order *Macropetalichthyida
Order *Antiarchi Cope 1885
Order *Stegoselachii
Suborder *Stensioellida
Suborder *Rhenanida
Order *Palaeospondyloidea Sollas 1903
Class Chondrichthyes J. Mulier 1846
Subclass Elasmobranchii Bonaparte 1832
Order *Cladoselachii Dean 1894
Order Selachii Cuvier 1829
Suborder *Hybodontoidea
Suborder Heterodontoidea
Suborder Notidanoidea
Suborder Galeoidea
Suborder Squaloidea
Order Batoidea Gunther 1870
Order *Pleuracanthodii Cope 1889
Subclass Holocephali Bonaparte 1832

[18]

Order *Bradyodonti Woodward 1892
Order Chimaerae
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii Cuvier 1828

Superorder Chondrostei G. Miiller 1846 (Ganoids)
Order *Palaeoniscoidea Bridge 1879
Order Polypterini Bonaparte 1837
Order Acipenseroidei Agassiz 1843
Order *Subholostei
Superorder Holostei J. Miiller 1846 (Ganoids)
Order *Semionotoidea Woodward 1890
Order *Pycnodontoidea
Order *Aspidorhynchoidea
Order Amioidea Huxley 1861
Order *Pholidophoroidea Woodward 1890
Superorder Teleostei Owen 1847
Order Isospondyli Cope 1872

Suborder Clupeoidea

Suborder Salmonoidea

Suborder Opisthoproctoidea

Suborder Osteoglossoidea

Suborder Stomiatoidea

Suborder Gonorhynchoidea
Order Ostariophysi Bonaparte 1809

Suborder Cyprinoidea

Suborder Siluroidea
Order Apodes Rafinesque 1815
Order Heteromi Gill
Order Mesichthyes

Suborder Haplomi Cope 1872

Suborder Iniomi Gill 1894

Suborder Cyprinodontes Agassiz

Suborder Synentognathi Cope 1872

Suborder Thoracostei

Suborder Salmopercae
Order Acanthopterygii Cuvier 1828

Suborder Berycoidea

Suborder Zeoidea

Suborder Percoidea

Suborder Carangoidea

Suborder Scombroidea

Suborder Trachinoidea

Suborder Blennioidea

Suborder Anacanthini Miiller 1846

Suborder Chaetodontoidea

Suborder Plectognathi Cuvier 1817

Suborder Hetrosomata Bonaparte 1846

Suborder Scorpaenoidea

Suborder Batrachoidea

Suborder Pediculati Gill 1865

Suborder Gobioidea

Suborder Anabantoidea

[19]

Suborder Mugiloidea

Suborder Polynemoidea

Suborder Ammodytoidea

Suborder Echeneoidea

Suborder Xenopterygii Gill 1894

Suborder Allotriognathi Regan 1907

Suborder Opisthomi Cope 1870

Suborder Synbranchii
Subclass Amphibioidei Hubbs 1911
Order Crossopterygii Huxley 1861 (Ganoids)

Suborder *Rhipidistia Cope 1887

Suborder Coelacanthini Agassiz 1843
Order Dipnoi J. Miiller 1846
Superclass Tetrapoda Williston
Class Amphibia Linnaeus 1858

Superorder *Labyrinthodontia Huxley 1871
Order *Ichthyostegalia Save-Soderberg 1832
Order *Rhachitomia Cope 1880

Suborder *Lexommoidea

Suborder *Edopsoidea

Suborder *Eryopsoidea

Suborder *Neorhachitomi
Order *Stereospondyli Fraas 1889
Order ^Embolomeri Cope 1880
Order *Seymouriamorpha
Superorder Salientia Laurenti 1768
Order *Eoanura
Order *Proanura
Order Anura

Suborder Amphicoela Nobel 1931

Suborder Opisthocoela Nicholls 1916

Suborder Anomocoela Nicholls 1916

Suborder Procela Nicholls 1916

Suborder Diplasiocoela Nicholls 1916
Subclass *Lepospondyli Zittel 1887
Order *Aistopoda Miall 1890
Order *Nectridia Miall 1890
Order *Microsauria
Order Urodela (Caudata Oppel 1811)

Suborder Cryptobranchoidea Dana 1922

Suborder Amblystomoidea Noble 1931

Suborder Salamandriodea Cope 1890

Suborder Proteidea Cope 1866
Order Apoda Oppel 1911
Class Reptilia Laurenti 1768
Subclass Anapsida Osborn 1918
Order *Cotylosauria Cope 1880

Suborder *Captorhinomorpha Watson 1917

Suborder *Diadectomorpha Case 1911
Order Chelonia Owen 1842 (Testudinata Oppel 1811)

Suborder *Eunotosauria Watson 1914

Suborder *Amphichelydia Lydekker 1889

Suborder Plcurodira Cope 1869

[20]

Suborder Cryptodira Cope 1869
Subclass *Ichthyopterygia Owen 1860
Subclass *Synaptosauria Williston 1912

Order *Protorosauria Seeley 1871

Order *Sauropterygia Owen 1859
Suborder *Nothsauria Deecke 1866
Suborder *Plesiosauria Andrews 1895
Suborder *Placodontia Meyer 1863
Subclass Lepidosauria Zittel 1890

Order *Eosuchia Broom 1814

Suborder *Younginifonnes Romer 1945
Suborder *Choristodera Cope 1876
Suborder *Thalattosauria Merriam 1904
Suborder *Acrosauria Kuhn 1937

Order Rliynchocephalia Gunther 1886

Order Squamata Oppel 1811

Suborder Lacertilia Cuvier 1834
Suborder Serpentes Linnaeus 1758
Subclass *Archosauria Cope 1891

Order *Thecodontia Owen 1860
Suborder *Pseudosuchia Cope 1891
Suborder *Pliytosauria Lydekker 1888

Order Crocodilia Wagler 1830

Suborder *Protosuchia Mook 1934
Suborder *Sebecosuchia Simpson 1937
Suborder *Mesosuchia Mook 1934
Suborder Eusuchia Mook 1934

Order *Pterosauri Kaup 1834

Suborder *Rhamphorhynchoidea Abel 1919
Suborder *Pterodactyloidea Seeley 1866

Order *Saurischia Seeley 1888
Suborder *Theropoda Marsb 1881
Suborder *Sauropoda Marsh 1878

Order *Ornithischia Seeley 1888

Suborder *Ornithopoda Cope 1869
Suborder *Ankylosauria Brown 1908
Suborder *Ceratopsia Zittel 1890
Subclass *Synapsida Osborn 1903

Order *Pelycosauria Cope 1878

Suborder *Ophiacodontia Romer & Price 1940
Suborder *Sphenacodontia Romer & Price 1940
Suborder *Edaphosauria Romer & Price 1940

Order *Therapsida Broom 1905

Suborder *Dinocephalia Broom 1914
Suborder *Dicynodontia Owen 1859
Suborder *Theriodontia Owen 1859

Order *Ictidosauria Broom 1912
Class Aves Linnaeus 1758
Subclass *Archaeornithes Cope 1898

Order *Archaeopterygiformes Fiirbringer
Subclass Neornithes Reynolds 1897

Superorder *Odontognathae Marsh 1873

Order *Hesperornithiformes Marsh 1872

[21]

Order *Ichthyornithiformes Marsh 1873
Superorder Palaeognathae Pycraft 1910
Order *Caenagnathiformes
Order Struthioniformes Haeckel 1866
Order Rheiformes Newton 1884
Order Casuariiformes Sclater 1880
Order *Dinornithifornies Stejneger 1884
Order *Aepyornithiformes Newton 1884
Order Apterygiformes Wetmore & Miller 1936
Order Tinamiformes Gray 1840
Superorder Impennes Illiger 1811
Order Sphenisciformes Viellot 1818
Superorder Neognathae Pycraft 1896
Order Gaviiformes Brandt 1839
Order Colymbifornies Bonaparte 1852
Order Procellariiformes Wagner 1843
Order Pelecaniformes Stejneger 1885
Suborder Phaethontes Gray 1840
Suborder Pelecani Owen 1856
Suborder Fregatae Vigors 1830
Suborder Odontopteryges Lydekker 1892
Order Ciconiiformes Owen 1832
Suborder Ardeinae Wagler 1830
Suborder Balaenicipites Gould 1851
Suborder Ciconiae Bonaparte 1834
Suborder Phoenicopteri Bonaparte 1831
Order Anseriformes Swainson 1837
Suborder Anhimae Brisson 1760
Suborder Anseres Linnaeus 1735
Order Falconiformes Naumann 1822
Suborder Cathartae Lafresnaye 1829
Suborder Falcones Naumann 1822
Order Galliformes Latreille 1825
Suborder Galli Dumeril 1806
Suborder Opisthocomi Gray 1840
Order Gruiformes Stejneger 1885
Suborder Mesoenatides Lowe 1924
Suborder Turnices Gray 1840
Suborder Grues Owen 1856
Suborder Heliornithes Gray 1840
Suborder Rhynocheti Gould 1837
Suborder Eurypygae Illiger 1811
Suborder *Phororhaci Lydekker 1893
Suborder Cariamae Brisson 1760
Suborder Otides Wagler 1830
Order *Diatrymiformes Cope 1877
Order Charadriiformes Fiirbinger 1888
Suborder Charadrii Huxley 1867
Suborder Lari Bonaparte 1857
Suborder Alcae Stejneger 1885
Order Columbiformes Bonaparte 1853
Suborder Pterocletes Knowlton 1909
Suborder Columbae Bonaparte 1857

[221

Order Psittaciformes Illiger 1811
Order Cuculiformes Stejneger 1884
Suborder Musophagi Sharpe 1891
Suborder Cuculi A. O. U. 1886
Order Strigiformes Wagler 1830
Order Caprimulgiformes Stejneger 1885
Suborder Steatornithes Bonaparte 1850
Suborder Caprimulgi Bonaparte 1840
Order Apodiformes Lucas 1889
Suborder Apodi Peters 1940
Suborder Trochili Lesson 1931
Order Coliiformes Swainson 1837
Order Trogoniformes Swainson 1831
Order Coraciiformes Seebohm 1880
Suborder Alcedines Bonaparte 1831
Suborder Meropes Bonaparte 1831
Suborder Coracii Gray 1845
Suborder Bucerotes
Order Piciformes Sharpe 1891

Suborder Galbulae Fiirbinger 1888
Suborder Pici Wagler 1830
Order Passeriformes Nitzsch 1829
Suborder Eurylaimi Gadow 1893
Suborder Tyranni Swainson 1837
Suborder Menurae Stejneger 1885
Suborder Passeres Linnaeus 1758
Class Mammalia Linnaeus 1758
Subclass Prototheria Gill 1872

Order Monotremata Bonaparte 1838
Subclass *Allotheria Marsh 1880
Order *Multituberculata Cope 1884
Order *Triconodonta Osborn 1888
Subclass Theria Parker & Haswell 1897
Infraclass *Pantotheria Simpson 1929
Order *Pantotheria Marsh 1880
Order *Symmetrodonta Simpson 1925
Infraclass Metatheria Huxley 1880

Order Marsupialia Illiger 1811
Infraclass Eutheria Gill 1872
Cohort Unguiculata Linnaeus 1766
Order Insectivora Bowdich 1821
Order Dermoptera Illiger 1811
Order Chiroptera Blumenbach 1779
Suborder Megachiroptera Dobson 1875
Suborder Microchiroptera Dobson 1875
Order Primates Linnaeus 1758
Suborder Prosimii Illiger 1811
Suborder Anthropoidea Mivart 1864
Order *Tillodontia Marsh 1875
Order *Taeniodontia Cope 1876
Order Edentata Cuvier 1798

Suborder *Palaeanodonta Matthew 1918
Suborder Xenarthra Cope 1889

[23]

Order Pholidota Weber 1904
Cohort Glires Linnaeus 1758

Order Lagomorpha Brandt 1855

Order Rodentia Bowdich 1821

Suborder Sciuromorpha Brandt 1855
Suborder Myomorpha Brandt 1855
Suborder Hystricomorpha Brandt 1855
Cohort Mutica Linnaeus 1766

Order Cetacea Brisson 1762

Suborder *Archaeoceti Fowler 1883
Suborder Odontoceti Fowler 1867
Suborder Mysticeti Fowler 1864
Cohort Ferungulata Simpson 1945

Superorder Ferae Linnaeus 1758

Order Carnivora Bowdich 1821
Suborder *Creodonta Cope 1875
Suborder Fissipeda Blumenbach 1791
Suborder Pinnipedia Illiger 1811

Superorder *Protungulata Weber 1904

Order *Condylarthra Cope 1881

Order *Litopterna Ameghino 1889

Order *Notoungulata Roth 1903

Suborder *Notioprogonia Simpson 1934
Suborder *Toxodonta Scott 1904
Suborder *Typotheria Zittel 1892
Suborder *Hegetotheria Simpson 1945

Order *Astrapotheria Lydekker 1894

Suborder *Trigonostylopoidea Simpson 1934
Suborder *Astrapotherioidea Ameghino 1894

Order Tubulidentata Huxley 1872

Superorder Paenungulata Simpson 1945

Order *Pantodonta Cope 1873

Order *Dinocerata Marsh 1873

Order *Pyrotheria Ameghino 1895

Order Proboscidea Illiger 1811

Suborder *Moeritherioidea Osborn 1921
Suborder Elephantoidea Osborn 1921
Suborder *D€inotherioidea Osborn 1921
Suborder *Barytherioidea Simpson 1945

Order *Embrithopoda Andrews 1906

Order Hyracoidea Huxley 1869

Order Sirenia Illiger 1811

Suborder Trichechiformes Hay 1923
Suborder *Desniostyliformes Hay 1923

Superorder Mesaxonia Marsh 1884

Order Perissodactyla Owen 1848
Suborder Hippomorpha Wood 1937
Suborder Ceratomorpha Wood 1937

Superorder Paraxonia Marsh 1884

Order Artiodactyla Owen 1848
Suborder Suiformes Jaeckel 1911
Suborder Tylopoda Illiger 1811
Suborder Ruminantia Scopoli 1777

[24]

Price 25c

Zoology Department

Duke University

Durham, N. C, U. S. A.